3:1 Advanced injection timing
Each test cycle was conducted at constant brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) so that the
engine would then be required to perform the same task. In diesel engines, only about 80% of
the air inducted can effectively be utilized during the combustion process, the remainder
having insufficient time to mix with the fuel. This is one of the reasons why diesel engines of
a given capacity have lower power output than petrol engines of the same capacity and
speed. In addition, maximum power output of the engine demands that the maximum peak
cylinder pressure occur between 5 and 20 of the crank angle after TDC. To meet these
demands, the period of fuel injection was advanced by 3:5 given injection timing of 33.5
BTDC. Engine performance deteriorated in an attempt to further advance the timing.
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